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QUEST Newsletter

The QUEST is a FREE newsletter published three times a year by the Urological Research Foundation written to inform readers of the latest advances in urologic research, especially prostate cancer treatment.

To be added to our mailing list, you can subscribe on-line or by request letter. Please click here to subscribe to QUEST for the necessary forms.

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QUEST Articles of High Interest
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Additional Quest Articles
Article 1 of 149
Very Personal Medicine
By Marc C. Garnick, MD and Suzanne Coulter-Rosemary Skeele
The Search is on for more accurate ways to diagnose prostate cancer. How ‘biomarkers’ might save lives...

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Article 2 of 149
One PSA to Another
By Cissy Lacks
Jess Smith was 62 years old and had never taken a PSA test even though PSA was part of his entire adult life. For the 38 years he had been in radio and broadcasting, PSA meant public service announcement. At the urging of a friend who had been diag...

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Article 3 of 149
Nutrition News Update: Multi-Vitamins and Prostate Cancer Risk
The place of diet, vitamins and supplements for prostate health is in limbo. New studies are showing that even foods we thought were helpful, such as those with lycopene, seem to have no benefit. And some of them, such as heavy doses of beta-carot...

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Article 4 of 149
The Controversial Issue of Treating Recurrent Prostate Cancer
Part 1: An Initial Discussion
It’s highly encouraging that recurrence of prostate cancer after surgery continues to decline and is at a fairly low level if one looks at the data from our best urologists/surgeons. ...

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Article 5 of 149
Dr. Catalona’s View:
Potential Usefulness of PCA3 and EPCA-2 Tests for Early Detection of Prostate Cancer
By William J. Catalona, MD
I believe it is premature to comment on the potential usefulness of these new tests, PCA3 and EPCA-2, for early detection prostate cancer. Both tests have been developed by good scientists. The PCA3 test is already available through certain clinic...

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Article 6 of 149
Dr. Catalona’s Recommendations for PSA Testing
By William J. Catalona, MD
My feeling is that testing should begin at age 40 but not because prostate cancer is a common problem in 40-year old men – although it does occur in 40-year-old men . ...

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Article 7 of 149
Genetics of Prostate Cancer: What You Should Know; Why You Should Care
By Cecilia Lacks, PhD
This article continues our coverage on new discoveries in the genetics of prostate cancer that continue to change the way researchers view the development of prostate cancer and on the important contributions of Dr. William Catalona and his collabora...

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Article 8 of 149
8Q24: A Hot Number on the Hit Parade
By Cecilia Lacks, PhD
Researchers are looking for genetic hot spots in prostate cancer patients, and it appears that they found some in a marker area 8q24 (a region labeled 24 on the long arm of chromosome 8)....

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Article 9 of 149
Information About Me That I Haven’t Shared: Why This Article Is So Different
By Jules Reichel
At Dr. Catalona's insistence, I had a complicated biopsy of my bladder neck and bladder during August, 2006. It was performed at a teaching hospital in Syracuse, NY near where I live. I was sure that the test was unneeded but I was wrong....

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Article 10 of 149
Nutrition News Updates
Article about lycopene and beta-carotene....

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Article 11 of 149
Still In His prime
By Cissy Lacks
Dr. Bruce Seidberg was diagnosed with prostate cancer at the age of 59, almost 10 years ago....

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Article 12 of 149
Alleles: Secrets to Cancer Risk
By Cecilia Lacks, PhD
A new model for studying the genetics of cancer is replacing the traditional perspective f studying one gene carried through generations of a family. Now, researchers are looking at several risk alleles and studying how they interact with each other...

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Article 13 of 149
Litigation Update
Patients, research volunteers, professional colleagues and the news media frequently ask Dr. Catalona about the current status of the litigation of Washington University (WU) vs. his patients and him, concerning the blood and tissue samples he collec...

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Article 14 of 149
Know Your Test: PSA Standardization Dilemma
By William J. Catalona, MD
In recent years, it has become evident that the same patient, who has more than one PSA test, can have different PSA results if the blood samples were sent to different laboratories. Now, we know these differences in reported values are due primar...

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Article 15 of 149
Improving Prostate Cancer Detection
By Stacy Loeb, MD and William J. Catalona, MD from an article: “PSA Isoforms: The Next Generation of Prostate Cancer Detection” in Clinical Laboratory News, March 2007
PSA screening has proved useful in detecting prostate cancer early enough for life-saving treatment. PSA screening has proved useful in detecting prostate cancer early enough for life-saving treatment. In the US, the proportion of men with meta...

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Article 16 of 149
Hormonal Therapy Explained
By William J. Catalona, MD
Hormonal therapy, sometimes called androgen-deprivation therapy, is prescribed, most commonly, after both a radical prostatectomy and radiation have failed, especially for the treatment of patients with metastases. In addition patients who are too...

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Article 17 of 149
Active Treatment: Not Active Monitoring
By Stacy Loeb, MD and William J. Catalona, MD, based on a portion of a paper prepared for the Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network.
Recently, active monitoring strategies have received attention as a possible treatment option for men with low-risk prostate cancer who have a life expectancy of more than 10 years. Even though there has been a 32.5% decline in age-adjusted prosta...

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Article 18 of 149
Recovery: Twenty Years Later
By Cissy Lacks
Patrick Prader is celebrating a 20-year anniversary. In the summer of 1987, he was diagnosed– only four hours apart–with prostate cancer and sinus cancer. “You sure know how to mess up a fellow’s weekend,” Prader said to one of the doctors. ...

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Article 19 of 149
Active Monitoring Versus Potential Complications from RRP
Since the introduction of widespread PSA screening, prostate cancer has become the leading cancer diagnosis in US men. Even though death from prostate cancer has significantly declined in recent years, there is concern that the treatment of some men ...

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Article 20 of 149
PSA Velocity in Men with Prostatitis
Many studies have demonstrated the usefulness of PSA Velocity (PSAV) in prostate cancer screening. However, the often dramatic elevations in PSA values observed in men with prostatitis (PR) could potentially cause confusion in the use of PSAV for CaP...

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Article 21 of 149
Clinical Trials: Sometimes Good, Sometimes Not A Very Difficult Decision
By Jules Reichel
Quest readers know about the enormous progress in effective screening for prostate cancer. Advances have also been made with prostate cancer therapies including: early use of surgery, or radiation, or surgery followed by radiation (especially in t...

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Article 22 of 149
Recommendations for CaP Testing and Then Treatment
By William J. Catalona, MD
My research and the research of my colleagues show the most effective and acceptable treatment for prostate cancer is to eradicate the tumor at a very early stage before it has a chance to spread. The risk of unnecessary treatment is low when good...

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Article 23 of 149
Potential Jackpot in Cancer Research: Breakthrough In Bringing Personalized Medicine Into Clinical Practice
By (This article is a summary prepared by Cecilia Lacks, PhD, for Quest readers of a Journal Article published in Nature Genetics, 2007, “ High-throughput Oncogene Mutation Profiling in Human Cancer.” Its research and findings are a collaboration of over 50 researchers and their institutions. Dr. William J. Catalona is one of the participating researchers and the source for critical tissue samples used for testing and standardizing this exciting new technology for identifying genes that are commonly altered in patients with a variety of different common types of cancer.)
In theory, personalized medicine – the ability to target with drugs the specific disease process of a particular person – is a terrific idea. It guides doctors to use the right drugs for the right purpose and avoids the use of powerful medications...

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Article 24 of 149
Being Overweight Can Affect Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness
By (This information is an adapted version for Quest readers of a medical journal article written by Stacy Loeb, MD; Xiaoying Yu, MD; Robert B. Nadler, MD; Kimberly A. Roehl; Misop Han, MD; Sheila A. Hawkins, MD; and William J. Catalona, MD)
Weight, especially being overweight, is a sensitive topic on its own. Studying whether or not weight – in this case Body Mass Index * – affects or can predict outcomes after radical prostatectomy could be an uncomfortable topic to discuss with patien...

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Article 25 of 149
One Man to Another Drug Therapies for Advanced Disease: A Positive View
By Jules Reichel
The role of drug therapies is mostly to provide a treatment option when surgery and radiation therapy are less likely to work. The experts on drug therapies are the medical oncologists like Dr. Sartor, who kindly agreed to discuss options and issues ...

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Article 26 of 149
Watchful Waiting: Outcomes and Treatment Recommendations for Older Men
By (From Research Summary)
Background: Limited information exists on the outcomes of watchful waiting or active monitoring in men with prostate cancer (CaP). We are most interested in determining if older men can skip treatment and do watchful waiting. Question: What were t...

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Article 27 of 149
Perineural Invasion in a Prostate Biopsy Specimen Is Not the Same as PNI in Prostatectomy Specimen
By (From Research Summary)
Background: Many pathologists who examine prostate cancer biopsies believe that perineural invasion* (PNI) is present in all radical prostatectomy specimens if a careful search is made. For this reason, some pathologists do not even report the pr...

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Article 28 of 149
Training for Triathlon Temporarily Interrupted By Prostate Cancer Diagnosis
By Anthony Effinger
One day in Chicago, Dave Bigg is about to drink a few beers with his buddies and divvy up Cubs baseball tickets when his cell phone rings. It's the doctor, and he doesn't like what he sees. Bigg's biopsy looks bad. The cells from his prostate are...

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Article 29 of 149
Body Snatchers, 2006 - (Reprinted from the Wall Street Journal, December 15, 2006 with permission of the author. All rights reserved.)
By Michael Crichton
In Robert Louis Stevenson's day, body snatchers dug up corpses in the dead of night. Modern body snatchers take tissue from the living, and they do it in daylight. This week in St. Louis, the Eighth Circuit heard an appeal in the case of William C...

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Article 30 of 149
Exploring Genetic Approaches for Diagnosis, Treatment and Cure
By Cecilia Lacks, PhD
The usual way people think about disease is that it comes from a bacteria or virus and sometimes from an environmental agent. The cures are most often medicines that help the immune system fight the invading agents or, in the case of the environme...

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Article 31 of 149
Recent Genetic Findings and What They Could Mean
By Cecilia Lacks, PhD
The genetic research of Dr. Catalona and his collaborators has contributed to significant findings in the genetics of prostate cancer: EGR-1 and TRMPSS2 One finding with extraordinary potential is a gene identified as EGR-1 that is up-regulate...

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Article 32 of 149
No More Prostate Excuses
By Richard N. Atkins
If lost in the wilderness, search and rescue experts will tell you the first rule is to stay put and do nothing. Help will find you. Not true for prostate cancer. And with good reason, prostate cancer is far more fatal than most of the combined a...

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Article 33 of 149
Benefits exceed risks for PSA in prostate cancer screening
By Dr. William J Catalona, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Prostate cancer screening with prostate specific antigen (PSA) has benefits that exceed its risks, according to Dr. Catalona. He referred to longitudinal studies that showed a decrease in prostate cancer mortality since the advent of the so-called “P...

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Article 34 of 149
Answers to Common Questions About PSA Testing
By This information is an adapted version of a medical journal article written by William J. Catalona, MD; Misop Han, MD; and Stacy Loeb, MD.
We, as well as the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, recommend a baseline PSA test for all men at age 40 years to assess their risk for prostate cancer. A relevant study (Whittemore) reported that PSA levels in young adulthood are useful pred...

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Article 35 of 149
Celebrate Life! And Then There Were Three
By Cecilia Lacks
Bob Buhle, single and not dating anyone, was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2003 at age 39. One week after his surgery, Buhle met his wife to be, Heidi. And on October 14, 2006, Heidi gave birth to their first child. His story, full of hope ...

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Article 36 of 149
Screening Works: Prostate Cancer Death Rate Drops to Lowest Mark Ever
By reprinted courtesy of National Prostate Cancer Coalition
Prostate cancer death rates dropped 32.5 percent in 10 years, according to new reports, possibly as a result of a dramatic increase in early detection. The mortality rate for African American men is the lowest since 1977, but it is still 2.36 times t...

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Article 37 of 149
ONE MAN TO ANOTHER Watchful Waiting: Seldom a Good Treatment Option
By Jules Reichel
I’m the Secretary of the URF Board and a patient of Dr. Catalona. He performed my radical prostatectomy in September 1997. I’ve written in QUEST for 5 years. I study and write and counsel and lecture, but I am not a doctor. ...

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Article 38 of 149
Healthy Cholesterol Levels Could Lower Prostate Cancer Risk
By (Dr. Catalona Responds to Reports in the News.)
A recent study (Platz, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health) found that men who took drugs to reduce their cholesterol levels also had a lower risk for prostate cancer. This study also found that men who were diagnosed with prostate canc...

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Article 39 of 149
Digital Rectal Exam is Worth Doing
By (Dr. Catalona Responds to Reports in the News.)
There has been some debate about whether it is still necessary to use the digital rectal exam in prostate cancer screening. Our recent study, (Catalona and Okotie) shows that a significant proportion of patients whose cancers are detected by the r...

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Article 40 of 149
Proscar (finasteride) Still Getting Misleading Attention
Studies showing that men taking Proscar (finasteride) had a statistically significant increase in high-grade tumors lessened interest in using Proscar to prevent prostate cancer and as a treatment for enlarged prostate. A recent new study challeng...

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Article 41 of 149
Underdiagnosis More of a Problem In Prostate Cancer Than Overdiagnosis
A small but vocal group of physicians is saying that prostate cancer screening has resulted in overdiagnosis and therefore overtreatment of prostate cancers. The reality is that prostate cancer screening is doing considerably more good than harm. ...

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Article 42 of 149
Dr. Catalona’s Recommended Guidelines for PSA Screening
By William J. Catalona, MD
Differing comments are in the media regarding the use of PSA tests. In this article, Dr. Catalona, whose research developed the use of PSA tests for the early detection of prostate cancer, presents his personal and most recent recommendations for PS...

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Article 43 of 149
A Most Exciting Discovery: A Gene That Appears to Pass on the Risk of Prostate Cancer
By This article is based upon research information published in Nature Genetics, June 2006. Dr. Catalona is one of the co-authors and his research population from the Northwestern prostate SPORE Pathology Core is one of the US groups studied. This material is adapted for Quest readers.
A group of scientists and doctors from around the world , including Dr. William J. Catalona, have participated in a study with an Icelandic company, deCode Genetics, to identify genetic risks for prostate cancer. The search has resulted in a most ...

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Article 44 of 149
Litigation Update (as of July 31, 2006)
Dr. Catalona’s patients and research participants from his time at Washington University (WU) in St. Louis continue to inquire about the status of the litigation in the dispute between Washington University and Dr. Catalona regarding the samples that...

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Article 45 of 149
Life After Prostate Cancer: Fishing, Canoeing and Camping
By Cecilia Lacks
Before Marty Koch was diagnosed with prostate cancer, at the age of 49, he had never needed stitches for anything – much less been in a hospital. Needless to say, he was scared. Koch described himself as “being on the edge.” He had fears of “dyi...

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Article 46 of 149
Underdiagnosis and Overdiagnosis of Prostate Cancer
By (Prepared by Cecilia Lacks, PhD, from AUA presentation by William J. Catalona, MD and his Research Collaborators)
INTRO: In 2005, prostate cancer accounted for approximately one third of new cancer diagnoses in men in the United States. Some men with clinically localized cancer undergo radical prostatectomy, but the final pathology report shows more extensive...

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Article 47 of 149
Predicting “Clinically Insignificant Prostate Cancer” With Combined PSA density and Biopsy Features
By (Prepared by Cecilia Lacks, PhD, from AUA presentation by William J. Catalona, MD and his Research Collaborators)
INTRO: Active monitoring protocols, including “watchful waiting,” are being increasingly used to avoid unnecessary treatment for men with “clinically insignificant prostate cancer.” ...

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Article 48 of 149
Adjuvant Radiation Therapy After Radical Prostatectomy
By (Prepared by Cecilia Lacks, PhD, from AUA presentation by William J. Catalona, MD and his Research Collaborators)
INTRO: New studies are demonstrating that adjuvant radiation therapy improves PSA progression-free survival in men with adverse pathology in their surgical specimen. Adjuvant radiotherapy is given as a precautionary measure in patients who have ...

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Article 49 of 149
ONE MAN TO ANOTHER The Controversial Topic of Nutrition and Supplements “Every unsolved disease cries out for garlic around the neck.”
By Jules Reichel
Does good nutrition prevent or cure prostate cancer? When I was a little boy, a kid on the next block had a distorted body from polio. I recall being afraid to talk to him. I asked my mom whether I could wear garlic around my neck like the other b...

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Article 50 of 149
She Fights Off Coyote to Rescue Her Pooch
By by Josh Noel, Chicago Tribune Staff Reporter (excerpt reprinted courtesy of the Chicago Tribune)
Cecilia (Cissy) Lacks, Managing Editor of Quest, was on the front page of the Chicago Tribune when the paper covered the story of her miniature poodle being attacked by a coyote in the afternoon, on a mall parking lot in a Chicago suburb. Cecilia, Dr...

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Article 51 of 149
Dr. Catalona’s Response to DaVinci Robotics
By William J. Catalona, MD
In my opinion, the robotic prostatectomy (often called the DaVinci prostatectomy) is not as effective as the traditional open prostatectomy for accomplishing sometimes competing goals of complete removal of cancer and preserving potency. One of the...

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Article 52 of 149
Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: Saving Lives Or Overtreating
By Dr. Willian J. Catalona
Some academic centers are moving toward not immediately treating prostate cancer patients who have favorable tumor features (i.e., low Gleason grade and low volume of cancer in biopsy specimens), the ones that are most likely to be cured with treatme...

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Article 53 of 149
PSA Dilemma: Test Results and What Should Be Done About Them
By Dr. William J. Catalona
Some academic centers are moving toward not immediately treating prostate cancer patients who have favorable tumor features (i.e., low Gleason grade and low volume of cancer in biopsy specimens), the ones that are most likely to be cured with treatme...

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Article 54 of 149
Signs Of Success
Dr. Catalona is presenting the case for early detection of prostate cancer at medical conferences across the United States. QUEST is including information from his presentation in this issue and in upcoming issues....

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Article 55 of 149
URF and Dr. Catalona’s Prostate Cancer Research Collaborations Help Other Scientists
The possibility that some prostate cancers might be caused by a virus has received media attention in the last few months....

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Article 56 of 149
Reports From Dr. Catalona’s Follow-up Studies
By Prepared by Cecilia Lacks, PhD
The reports include 1) Age-Specific Risk of Prostate Cancer 2) Long-Term Outcomes of Radical Prostatectomy For clinically Advanced Prostate Cancer 3) PSA Velocity For Predicting Prostate Cancer in Young Men with a PSA of less than 4....

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Article 57 of 149
An Advance for Using PSA to Diagnose Prostate Cancer
One of the most serious dilemmas in diagnosing prostate cancer is that the PSA test, recognized first by Dr. Catalona as an invaluable tool for early detection of prostate cancer, cannot indicate whether the cancer is aggressive or a slower-growing o...

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Article 58 of 149
Identifying Men Susceptible to Prostate Cancer
Dr. Catalona will be a co-investigator for a prostate cancer susceptibility study sponsored by ICPCG, the International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics....

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Article 59 of 149
Litigation Update: Spring 2006
Dr. Catalona’s patients and research participants from his tenure at Washington University in St. Louis (WU) continue to inquire about the status of the litigation in the dispute between WU and Dr. Catalona regarding the samples that Dr. Catalona’s ...

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Article 60 of 149
ONE MAN TO ANOTHER: Surgery Plus Radiation When Required: Is It the Best Choice?
By Jules Reichel
My prior article in QUEST, Winter 2005, described a “universal” approach to achieving a high likelihood of long-term remission and a return to a positive life for a wide range of prostate cancer patients who have low-risk to high-risk disease....

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Article 61 of 149
Pioneer of PSA Screen Sounds Off
By Shirley Ruedy (reprinted courtesy of The Gazette, Cedar Rapids, Iowa)
He’s the guy who pioneered the PSA test as a screening tool for prostate cancer. He thinks doctors are dead wrong who think men with low PSA levels only need the test every other year. He also says men should start it at age 40, not 50, as most ex...

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Article 62 of 149
PSA Tests Are Not All the Same
By William J. Catalona, MD
In recent years, patients, physicians, and clinical laboratories have become increasingly aware of differences in PSA results when the same patient has more than one test and those blood samples have been sent to different laboratories. It is beco...

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Article 63 of 149
SPORE: Research Projects and Patient Advocates
QUEST would like its readers to know about SPORE (Specialized Program of Research Excellence) from the National Institutes of Health and the role patients can have in supporting prostate cancer research. Dr. Catalona has begun a collection...

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Article 64 of 149
Quest For Answers
PSA With Family History of CaP Q: Q: My husband is 41. His dad had prostate cancer and so does his uncle. My husband just got his PSA test back and it was 3.0. What should our next step be? A: This PSA is higher than it should be. It could ...

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Article 65 of 149
One Man to Another Surgery plus radiation when required offers an almost universal approach for the PSA era (The precedent-setting study of Dr. Michael Bolla)
By Jules Reichel
A Universal Approach The goals for treating prostate cancer are to achieve long-term remission, and to return patients to a positive life, largely as before, regardless of the medical situation at diagnosis. This ability to respond effectively...

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Article 66 of 149
18 Holes of Golf and a Radical Prostatectomy or (Obi-Wan, Me, and a Radical Prostatectomy)
By Stephen G. Avgerinos
One year after my radical prostatectomy, I was driving home after 18 holes of golf and a wonderful dinner. Dr. Catalona, who I now refer to secretly as Obi-Wan, had removed my prostate with nerve sparing surgery. What was running through my min...

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Article 67 of 149
Update on Litigation Concerning Research Samples
Dr. Catalona’s patients and research participants in his studies continue to ask about the status of the litigation in the dispute between Washington University in St. Louis (WU) and Dr. Catalona regarding the samples that Dr. Catalona’s patients and...

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Article 68 of 149
Reports From Dr. Catalona’s Follow-up Studies
By Prepared by Cecilia Lacks, PhD
screening is widely used as an aid to early detection of prostate cancer. Early detection increases the opportunity for long-term progression-free survival. Presently, the selection of treatment for early stage prostate cancer involves four choices: ...

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Article 69 of 149
Grant Supports Prostate Cancer Research
Many companies establish foundations to support the research and educational activities of not for profit organizations. Often, these foundations consider supporting organizations recommended by their employees. James Schneiders , vice-president o...

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Article 70 of 149
Inside This Issue
Gleason Score Explained In his Man to Man column, Jules Reichel takes on the subjects: how a pathologist derives a Gleason score and what that score means. Enlarged Prostate And Urinary Problems An enlarged prostate is one of the most common...

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Article 71 of 149
A Conversation with Dr. Kevin McVary Enlarged Prostate: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
By Cecilia Lacks, PhD
BPH Benign (non-cancerous)prostatic hypertrophy– is an enlargement or growth of the area in the prostate gland that is nearest the urethra. This growth can block or constrict the urethra, causing urination problems. BPH is one of the most co...

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Article 72 of 149
Longer Screening Intervals Delay Prostate Cancer Detection
By Will Boggs, MD (reprint from Reuters Health Information 2005. © 2005 Reuters Ltd.)
Extending the prostate cancer screening interval to 2 or 4 years would substantially delay the detection of advanced prostate cancers, according to a report in the April, 2005 issue of The Journal of Urology. "Even though a relatively small percen...

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Article 73 of 149
Quest For Answers
Aggressive Cancer With Low PSA Q: My father is 64 and has been diagnosed with prostate cancer – Gleason 9 (4 + 5). His PSA was 4. He has been told that the prostate is "bulging" and that the cancer may have spread to his lymph nodes. He had...

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Article 74 of 149
One Man to Another The Pathology Point of View (Patient, Know Thy Tumor)
By Jules Reichel
The Pathology Challenge Prostate cancer begins as cellular mutations, or “cancers”, in the prostate, produced by our DNA/RNA (genetic) system for establishing cells. The cause for the cancerous cells can be the environment, heredity, or normal...

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Article 75 of 149
Erectile Dysfunction Following Radical Prostatectomy
By Dr. Arthur L. Burnett
Which Patients Are Concerned? Our improved diagnostic capabilities have led to the fact that many prostate cancer patients receive their diagnoses at relatively young ages. In considering the impact of the various treatment approaches on their qua...

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Article 76 of 149
TP and Me: Prostate Cancer and Hope
By Michael Murray
Late last August, at the time of the New Moon, on an Island in Northern Lake Michigan, a hopeful and loving couple was able-under trying circumstances- to give life to a child nicknamed “TP” who rests in my arms as I write these words. These words...

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Article 77 of 149
Update on Litigation Concerning Research Samples
Patients and research participants continue to ask Dr. Catalona for updates about the status of the litigation over custody and control of the research samples he collected at Washington University. Previous updates are contained in prior issues o...

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